Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it is more stable than might be expected.
The country is seeking a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In the early days the ancestors of today's Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and also made furs. These people formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan, as well as styles of art, a written language, and paper making.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period, the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or construct fortifications.
By the end of the period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obeyed by all and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a country that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes that were created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements are evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not believe to be a legitimate Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all but its dynasty dissolved when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period, its development paradigm appears to be in flux. Those who are appalled by the enormous cost of the old system advocate the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand those who support the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears about job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article reviews developments to date by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution including the illiberal democratic period (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies key factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their views among this group. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory contradicted their religion; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a majority of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced forms of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea focused primarily on educating students and in bringing Christ to them. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in 1980, with a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also received wide attention.
KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization presented its own work and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on creationism which were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in universities and churches across the country.
One example of a KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised enough money and support to construct a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established an organization of local branch offices that offer seminars and talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this time the samulnori, or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to find the right balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as an alternative state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centrally-run system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.